Parasme Pada TENSE signs

The tense signs for परस्मै pada roots are given here

लट् - वर्तमान (Present Tense)

	एक वचनं	द्वि वचनं	बहु वचनं
प्रथम पुरुष	ति	तस्	अन्ति
मध्यम पुरुष	सि	थस्	थ
उत्तम पुरुष	मि	वस्	मस्

लोट् लकार - अनुज्ञा (Imperative Mood)

	एक वचनं	द्वि वचनं	बहु वचनं
प्रथम पुरुष	तु	ताम्	अन्तु
मध्यम पुरुष	-	तम्	त
उत्तम पुरुष	आनि	आव	आम

लङ्-अनद्यतन भूत काल (Past Tense)

	एक वचनं	द्वि वचनं	बहु वचनं
प्रथम पुरुष	द्	ताम्	अन्
मध्यम पुरुष	स्	तम्	त
उत्तम पुरुष	अम्	व	म

विधिलिङ्ग् (Potential mood)

	एक वचनं	द्वि वचनं	बहु वचनं
प्रथम पुरुष	यात्  (इत् )	याताम्  (इताम् )	युस्  (इयुस् )
मध्यम पुरुष	यास्  (इस् )	यातं (इतम् )	यात (इत )
उत्तम पुरुष	याम् (इयम् )	याव (इव )	याम (इम )

ल्रुट् - भविश्यद् (Future Tense)

	एक वचनं	द्वि वचनं	बहु वचनं
प्रथम पुरुष	स्यति	स्यतस्	स्यन्ति
मध्यम पुरुष	स्यसि	स्यथस्	स्यथ
उत्तम पुरुष	स्यामि	स्यावः	स्यामः

लिट्- परोक्ष भूत काल (Past Perfect)

	एक वचनं	द्वि वचनं	बहु वचनं
प्रथम पुरुष	अ	अतुस्	उस्
मध्यम पुरुष	थ	अथुस्	अ
उत्तम पुरुष	अ	व	म

Rules of Conjugation - basics

The subjects are classified into three Persons. The conjugation for verbs will vary based on the person as well as the tense.

First Person	I, We	उत्तम पुरुष
Second Person	Thou, You	मध्यम पुरुष
Third Person	He, She, It, They	प्रथम पुरुष

Under each person there are three numbers - singular, dual (only two) and plural. When a Root is conjugated, to form the verb, it has to add or append to itself the TENSE sign for the specific number under the specific person.

For example:
Two people have run - The verb is run, the tense is Past tense, the person is "Third Person" and the number is dual.  This will have an unique sign to be added to the Root धाव (to run) to make the correct verb.
The TENSE signs are also different based on the different classes (parasme pada vs aatmane pada).

Tenses

In Sanskrit, all the usages of the verbs occur in Tenses, called kala. There are ten tenses.

Tense	Sanskrit Name	Code Name
Present Tense	वर्तमान  काल	लट्
Imperfect or Past	अनद्यतन भूत काल	लङ्
Potential Mood or Request	विधि अर्थक तथा अर्थ भवनात्	विधिलिङ्ग्
Future	भविष्यत्  काल	ल्रुट्
Past Perfect	परोक्ष भूत काल	लिट्
Periphrastic Future	आसन्न (अनद्यतन ) भविष्यत् काल	लुट्
Benedictive	आशीर्वादः	आशिर्लिङ्ग्
Conditional	हेतुहेतुमुद् भूत	ल्रुङ्ग्
Aorist	साधारण भूत काल	लुङ्ग्
Imperative	अनुज्ञा तथा आज्ञा	लोट्

Dhatu

धातु 

In संस्कृत, verbs are formed from Roots called  धातुः. There are THREE types of Roots called

• Roots with no object (अकर्मक)
• Roots with single object  (सकर्मक )
• Roots with dual objects (द्विकर्मक )

Roots are also classified into THREE classes called

• Parasmepada (परस्मै )
• Atmanepada  (आत्मने)
• Ubhayapda (उभय)

All Roots fall under conjugation (गण) depending on how they get modified during usage. There are TEN conjugations named 1st, 2nd etc to 10th conjugation.
In संस्कृतं, their names are based on the starting Root of the conjugation (aarmabha dhatu). Thus,
First conjugation is called Bhavadi Gana because भू  /  भव is the first Root in that group.  Here is a table with the conjugation names.

Conjugation Names

First Conjugation	भवादि गण
Second Conjugation	अदादि गण
Third Conjugation	हादि गण
Fourth Conjugation	दिवादि गण
Fifth Conjugation	स्वादि गण
Sixth Conjugation	तुदादि गण
Seventh Conjugation	तनादि गण
Eighth Conjugation	रुधादि गण
Ninth Conjugation	क्रचादि गण
Tenth Conjugation	चुरादि गण

Introduction to Samskruta Dhatu Roopavali

This is  an effort to take the insights into संस्कृत grammar that I learnt from my father and share it with the world at large.

This blog contains information on sanskrit verbs, their conjugation and usage.

• धातु  - Verb
• काल  - Tense 
• Conjugations 
• परस्मै पद 
• आत्मने पद